$fred[0] = "do";$index = $#fred$last = $fred[$#fred] or $last = $fred[-1]$#list, just stretches the list, filling the middle element with undefined. e.g. $fred[20] = hello, then $fred[1…19] is there, but undefined$@%Never in all their history have men been able truly to conceive of the world as one: a single sphere, a globe, having the qualities of a globe, a round earth in which all the directions eventually meet, in which there is no center because every point, or none, is center — an equal earth which all men occupy as equals. The airman's earth, if free men make it, will be truly round: a globe in practice, not in theory.